② 【22T定位】In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. 【23T定位】“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, 【23T解题句】adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feeling that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.
③ And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.
④ Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.
⑤ In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.
⑥ “That’s good news,” Malti says. “We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”
21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help______.
1. 识别：细节题
2. 解题：
1)定位：模糊定位 P1/P2——关键词准确定位(guilt can be a good thing)
2)解题：This(知识点1) is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.
知识点1：承前指代，解题句：Unlike so-called basic emotions, such as sadness, fear and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral(选项原词复现) norms.
[A] regulate a child’s basic emotions
[B] improve a child’s intellectual ability
[C] foster a child’s moral development
[D] intensify a child’s positive feelings
22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be______.
1. 识别：细节题
2. 解题：
1)定位：模糊定位(题干已知P2)——准确定位
2)解题：In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. ——此句不能直接解题——下句找线索——It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones.——burdensome(单词记忆：burden+-some形容词后缀，累赘的，不堪重负的。拓展：类似的-some后缀的单词：worrisome, handsome)
[A] deceptive
[B] burdensome
[C] addictive
[D] inexcusable
23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that______.
1. 识别：细节题
2. 解题：
1)定位：模糊定位P2/P3——准确定位P2下半段
2)解题：adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feeling that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.
[A] emotions are context-independent(脱离环境的，与解题句意思相反)
[B] emotions are socially constructive(未提到)
[C] emotional stability can benefit health(未提到)
[D] an emotion can play opposing roles(一种情感可以起到完全不同的作用，解题句中说到：一种环境下有利另外一种环境下有害，是两种相反的作用)
24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing______.
1. 识别：细节题
2. 解题：
1)定位：模糊定位(题干已知P3)——准确定位
2)解题：Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing.
[A] may help correct emotional deficiencies
[B] can result from either sympathy or guilt
[C] can bring about emotional satisfaction
[D] may be the outcome of impulsive acts
25. The word “transgressions” (Para.5) is closest in meaning to______.
1. 识别：词义句意题
2. 解题：
语义关系——after顺承关系，前后语义一致
[A] teachings 教导;教义;说教
[B] discussions 讨论
[C] restrictions 限制
[D] wrongdoings 错误
二、长难句分析
① Unlike so-called basic emotions, such as(同位语标志，表示列举) sadness, fear and anger, guilt (主)emerges (谓) a little later, in conjunction with(引导伴随状语) a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms.
不像悲伤、恐惧和愤怒那些所谓的基本情感那样，愧疚感的出现会晚一些，而且是随着孩子逐渐掌握了社会和道德准则之后。
三、重点词汇及词组整理
1. in conjunction with 与……一起，共同
2. appease vt. 抚慰、平息;满足(要求)，缓解(感觉)
3. rap n./v. 轻敲;叩击;苛责，尖锐批评
4. binary adj. 二元的，双重的，两极的
5. evolve v. 进化 evolve to do
6. substitute for 代替
